The pervert’s dilemma

jun23

APRIL 10 WAS a very bad day in the life of celebrity gamer and YouTuber Atrioc (Brandon Ewing). Ewing was broadcasting one of his usual Twitch livestreams when his browser window was accidentally exposed to his audience. During those few moments, viewers were suddenly face-to-face with what appeared to be deepfake porn videos featuring female YouTubers and gamers QTCinderella and Pokimane—colleagues and, to my understanding, Ewing’s friends. Moments later, a quick-witted viewer uploaded a screenshot of the scene to Reddit, and thus the scandal was a fact. 

https://www.wired.com/story/deepfakes-porn-philosophy-sexual-fantasy/

ma23

La convergence des deepfakes et de l’effet Mandela soulève des questions sur la confiance que nous accordons à nos souvenirs et aux médias numériques. Les deepfakes peuvent être utilisés pour altérer des événements historiques et semer la confusion parmi les masses, renforçant ainsi l’effet Mandela. La combinaison de ces deux phénomènes pourrait conduire à une société où il devient de plus en plus difficile de distinguer la réalité de la fiction.

https://www.thmmagazine.fr/deepfakes-et-effet-mandela-lart-de-la-manipulation-numerique/

mai23

Os advogados de Musk contestaram as alegações dos autores da ação com uma nova estratégia, que está preocupando não só os juízes, mas toda a comunidade jurídica dos Estados Unidos: a já chamada "defesa deepfake" (deepfake defense).

Esse é um novo tipo de defesa que consiste em alegar que um vídeo (ou um áudio) real é falsificado, porque teria sido adulterado com a tecnologia de deepfake, que é viabilizada com o uso de inteligência artificial (IA).

"Musk, como qualquer figura pública, está sujeito a muitos deepfakes, tanto de vídeos como de gravações de áudio, com o propósito de mostrar que ele disse ou fez coisas que ele nunca disse ou fez", diz a petição dos advogados de Musk.

Eles alegaram que, graças aos avanços em inteligência artificial, está mais fácil do que nunca criar imagens e vídeos de coisas que não existem ou de eventos que nunca aconteceram. A falsificação digital está sendo usada para espalhar desinformação e propaganda, personificar celebridades e políticos, manipular eleições e aplicar golpes, disseram eles.

Esses argumentos não convenceram a juíza. Ao contrário, eles são profundamente preocupantes, ela escreveu.

"A posição é de que, pelo fato de Musk ser famoso e ser um alvo de deepfakes, suas declarações públicas são imunes. Em outras palavras, Musk e outros em sua posição podem simplesmente dizer o que quiserem no domínio público, depois evitar responsabilidade com o argumento de que foram vítimas de deepfake. Esta corte não quer estabelecer um precedente por tolerar essa abordagem da Tesla".

Esse não é o primeiro caso. No julgamento de dois invasores do Congresso em 6 de janeiro de 2021, entre os quais o do réu considerado o "líder insurrecionista", Guy Reffitt, seus advogados alegaram que os vídeos usados na investigação podem ter sido criados ou manipulados por inteligência artificial. 

Ética profissional
Hany Farid, especialista em perícia forense digital e professor da Universidade da Califórnia, concorda que há um novo fenômeno preocupante: "À medida que esse tipo de tecnologia se tornar mais prevalente, ficará fácil alegar que qualquer coisa é falsificada".

https://www.conjur.com.br/2023-mai-13/ia-cria-problema-justica-eua-defesa-deepfake

 

DENUNCIAR É PIOR??

To make things worse, as discussed in Whitney Phillips’ “The Oxygen of Amplification,” merely reporting on false claims and fake news — with the intention of proving them baseless — amplifies the original message and helps their distribution to the masses. And now we have technology that allows us to create deepfakes relatively easily, without any need for writing code. A low bar to use the tech, methods to distribute, a method of monetizing — the cybercrime-cycle pattern reemerges. https://urgentcomm.com/2021/11/18/how-to-navigate-the-mitigation-of-deepfakes/

There is certainly much to be said about Deepfakes, both

from a political, legal and ethical point of view. In this essay,

however, I shall focus only on a specific moral dilemma

that arises from the phenomenon, which I shall refer to as

the pervert’s dilemma, for lack of a better term.1 Although

Deepfake pornography (henceforth just “Deepfakes”) strikes

most people as intuitively disturbing and immoral—recall

that several sites (e.g., Reddit, Pornhub, etc.) pre-emptively

banned Deepfakes—it seems difficult to justify this intuition

without simultaneously disapproving of other actions not

normally considered harmful. For instance, we may again

compare Deepfakes to sexual fantasies. Both fantasies and

Deepfakes are arguably no more than a virtual image generated

by informational input that is publicly available, and

thus it is hard to identify a quality that makes the former

more permissible than the latter. Yet, although certain sexual

fantasies can be deemed impermissible due to the grotesque

or violent nature of their content (more on this below), they

are not normally considered unethical per se."

Herein lies the dilemma, which can now be can be

fully articulated thus:

1. Creating pornographic Deepfake videos based on someone’s

face (without their explicit consent) is morally

impermissible.

2. Having private sexual fantasies about someone (without

their explicit consent) is per se normally morally permissible.

3. Under conditions (i) and (ii), there is no morally relevant

difference between creating a Deepfake video based on

someone’s face and having a private sexual fantasy

about someone.

My analysis suggests that when the pervert’s dilemma is considered on a high LoA—i.e., as isolated cases unrelated to other processes in society—there is no reason why Deepfakes should be deemed more morally impermissible than sexual fantasies.

However, when the dilemma is considered on a low LoA— i.e., when we consider the truly morally relevant information— the Deepfake phenomenon can be considered morally impermissible on the basis of its role in gender inequality.

The consumption of Deepfakes is undeniably a highly gendered phenomenon, and arguably plays a role in the social degradation of women in society. Sexual fantasies are not.

Ethics and Information Technology (2020) 22:133–140

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-019-09522-1

ORIGINAL PAPER

Introducing the pervert’s dilemma: a contribution to the critique

of Deepfake Pornography

Carl Öhman1

Published online: 19 November 2019

© The Author(s) 2019